Введение. Объектом исследования является проблематика трансгуманизма (ТГ) и постгуманизма (ПГ) в тематическом пространстве религиоведения. Предмет исследования – отношение религии/религий к идеям и сценариям будущего, предлагаемым ТГ и ПГ. Трансгуманизм и постгуманизм прокладывают два пути к будущему: радикальное продление жизни в теле или бестелесное кибернетическое бессмертие. И то, и другое – попытки создать будущее без смерти.
Содержание. В статье рассматриваются религиозные оценки транс- и постгуманизма, а также включенность разных религий в трансгуманистическую проблематику совершенствования/улучшения человека. Наиболее существенный аспект проблемы заключается в сопоставлении предельных целей религий и способов их достижения с тем, что предлагается ТГ и ПГ. Обсуждается проблема предполагаемого бессмертия, при том экзистенциальном значении, которое имело для человека знание о неизбежности смерти: только человек способен не просто знать о своей конечности, но и руководствоваться этим знанием, определяя смысл/смыслы своего существования.
Выводы. Ключевое расхождение между религиями и транс- постгуманистическими проектами заключается в различном понимании целей – обеспеченное технологиями бесконечное долголетие vs посмертного блаженства, целиком или частично (с божьей помощью) достигаемого личными усилиями верующего.
Теоретически можно предположить, что насколько религии способны адаптироваться к меняющимся условиям, настолько они «по умолчанию» примут изменения или будут изменять базовые вероучительные формулировки, интерпретируя их содержательную часть сообразно наличной действительности.
Introduction. The object of the research is the problems of transhumanism (TG) and posthumanism (PG) in the thematic space of religious studies. The subject of the study is the relationship of religion/religions to the ideas and scenarios of the future proposed by TG and PG. Transhumanism and posthumanism pave two paths to the future: radical prolongation of life in the body or disembodied cybernetic immortality. Both are attempts to create a future without death.
Content. The article examines religious assessments of trans- and posthumanism, as well as the inclusion of different religions in the transhumanistic problems of human perfection/betterment. The most significant aspect of the problem is to compare the ultimate goals of religions and the ways to achieve them with what is proposed by TG and PG. The problem of supposed immortality is discussed, with the existential significance that knowledge of the inevitability of death had for a person: only a person is able not only to know about his finiteness, but also to be guided by this knowledge, determining the meaning/meanings of his existence.
Conclusion. The key difference between religions and trans- posthumanist projects lies in the different understanding of goals – technology-provided endless longevity vs posthumous bliss, achieved in whole or in part (with God's help) by the personal efforts of the believer.
Theoretically, it can be assumed that to the extent that religions are able to adapt to changing conditions, they will either accept changes by default or will change the basic doctrinal formulations, interpreting their substantial part in accordance with the present reality.
Тульпе Ирина Александровнакандидат философских наук, доцент
Ленинградский государственный университет им. А. С. Пушкина
Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация
tulpei@rambler.ru
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